Production Technology of Barley
Land Requirement:
. The field should be first ploughed by a disc harrow or soil-turning plough to uproot weeds and kill overwintering pests and weeds. Then
after precisely leveling the land irrigation is done before sowing. Barley crops is sensitive to water and nitrogen hence proper leveling of land using laser
land leveler should be done before sowing. The field may attain optimum soil
moisture after 5-15 days of irrigating depending on soil type. Afterwards, two
to three ploughings is done with harrow to make soil well pulverized.
Seed Selection and Treatment:
Before sowing seeds can be treated with Bavistin @2kg/kg
seed as preventive measure to control loose smut disease. Seed treatment with
150ml of Chlorpyriphos (20 EC) in 5 liter of water per 100 kg seeds can control
termite attack in field but soil should have enough moisture content. Among the
physical treatment seed thermal treatment with hot vapors (100°C) for one to 10
seconds on spring barley can reduce fungal infection (Fusarium, Alternaria,
Penicillium etc.) and improve seed germination.
3 Nutrient Management:
After field preparation well rotten FYM (20-30 T/ha) shall
be ploughed with soil. For timely sown crop fertilizer dose of 60 kg N:30 kg
P:20 kg K is required. Entire dose of phosphorus and potash with 1/3rd amount
of nitrogen fertilizer should be broadcast in soil before followed by ploughing
or better if placed at the time of seed sowing by seed cum fertilizer drill at
a depth of 7 to 10 cm. Balance amount of nitrogen is splitted into two equal
top dressing first at tillering stage or 30 days after sowing and second top
dressing at boot stage or 60 days after sowing. In case of Zinc deficiency
ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha can be applied [48]. A nitrogen fertilizer dose @ 100-120
kg/ha applied in splits with two third applied at seeding time can result in a
greater number of ears per meter square and seed yield higher as compared to
single application (Moreno 2003). Integrated nutrient management always have an
added interest in obtaining maximum seed yield and quality. An integration of
75% NPK + 5 T FYM ha-1 along with biofertilizer and vermicompost instead of 100
% NPK alone can cause a substantial increase in number of seeds per spike and
test weight [56]. Response of plants to Phosphorus fertilizer at early growth
and tillering stage is maximal but it diminishes as the plant transits into the
reproductive phase as there is elongation stem.
Seed Rate and Sowing Method:
For varietal seed production seed rate of 100 kg/ha is
needed with a row spacing of 15-20 cm. Seed is sown at a depth not more than
five cm. Sowing barley at 20 cm depth as compared of at a five cm has shown to
reduce the establishment of plants (about 76 %) with a reduction in grain yield
by 62% [57]). Optimum time of sowing winter barley is 1-25 Nov and for late
sown crop it is 1-25 December in case of irrigated conditions. Raised bed up to
120cm wide can also be opted for barley sowing other than flat bed method of
sowing. By using raised bed technique an increase in seed yield Chapter 1: Seed
Production Technology of Wheat and Barley 21 can be achieved along with
compressed irrigation requirement. This consequently ameliorates water
productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in comparison with seed drilling
method [58]. Raised bed seed production interprets better ability of plant
roots to anchorage on beds and capacity to withstand water stress. Therefore,
plants become less susceptible to distress caused by climate change.
Traditional method of sowing Barley is dropping seeds with a Chonga (a tube
connected with a funnel like structure behind country plough). If sowing using
traditional method, it should be kept in mind that there is proper row to row
spacing for roughing operation to be taken up for quality seed production. 4.5
Weed Management: Along with roughing few manual weedings of field can add up to
the improved physical quality of seeds. Two manual weedings are required to be
done at 30-35 and 55 to 60 days after sowing [53]. Isoproturon a.i. @1.75kg/ha
+ 0.5 kg/ha 2,4-D @ in 800-1000 litres of water can control post emergence
grass and broad-leaved weeds 30-35 days after sowing e.g., bathua (Chenopodium
album), hirankhuri (Convolvulus arvensis), wild carrot (Cronopus didymus).
Pendimethalin (Stomp) 3125 to 3750 ml/ha in 350-375 L of water can control both
broad and narrow leaved weeds when spray 3 days after sowing.
Harvesting:
Barley seeds get ready for harvest by March end and second
week of April. It is when the seed moisture is 25 to 30 per cent. But there is
shattering tendency in barley seeds therefore it should be harvested before
achieving maturity so that spikes do not break open. At the time of harvesting
chances of occurrence of rain and hailstorms is high in Northern zone hence it
may affect seed health therefore harvesting of seed crop should not be delayed.
It can be harvested using Combine machine. But it should be made sure that the
machines are cleaned properly off the seeds of other varieties or crops so as
to maintain genetic purity and physical purity of the harvested seeds. Seeds
are dried well up to 10-12 % seed moisture content before it is processed
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